in alignment with the direction of the largest principle tensile strain or stress, is investigated by considering the amount of dissipated strain energy density during crack evolution. An alternative approach to the determination of the orientation based on standard fracture mechanical arguments, i.e. For the directional phase-field split, this orientation is specified by the crack orientation vector, that is defined perpendicular to the crack surface. Depending on whether the induction coil at the transmitter was now moved up or down, the magnetic rod at the receiver swung to the right or left.The realistic approximation of structural behavior in a post fracture state by the phase-field method requires information about the spatial orientation of the crack surface at the material point level. There, the current was passed through another coil, causing a horizontally suspended magnetic rod to move slightly, which was clearly visible through the mirror and telescope. These were transmitted via a wire line to the receiver in the New Observatory. In the transmitter, which was located in the Physical Cabinet, a coil was pulled up and down by a lever on a long magnetic rod, producing short surges of electricity. The Gauss-Weber telegraph consisted of a transmitter, a line and a receiver. With their invention, Gauss and Weber not only solved all the electrotechnical problems relevant to text transmission, but also – as the forerunner of Morse code (1847) and Emile Baudot’s telegraph code (1874) – developed the world’s first 5-bit telegraph code: “Know before mean, be before seem” was one of the first messages transmitted, the transmission of which took 270 seconds at the time. The Gauss-Weber telegraph served as a model for the second electromagnetic telegraph, built by Carl August von Steinheil in Munich in 1837, which also sent and received messages over a long distance. It thus connected the two scholars’ places of work and facilitated their communication in the context of their joint research into geomagnetism. The telegraph line, more than a kilometre long, ran across the roofs and towers of Göttingen from the then “Physical Cabinet” to the Göttingen Observatory. The Göttingen scholars Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber built the world’s first electromagnetic telegraph, which they successfully tested in May 1833. First electromagnetic telegraph in the world – Georg-August-Universität Göttingen ()
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